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Web-Based Learning: Enhancing the Teaching of Engineering Graphics
Stephen W. Crown, University of Texas

Abstract
The positive response to a tutorial videotape developed for an engineering graphics class ultimately led to the development of a comprehensive multimedia instructional CD-ROM/web page. The primary objective of the project was to make more efficient use of faculty time while providing students the individual help they required. The project in its current state consists of an integrated web site with links to hours of tutorial movies, lecture presentations of all class lectures, web-based games that reinforce significant course topics, and a series of interactive web-based quizzes. The specific methods and tools used to develop each component of the project are presented including a discussion of the many challenges encountered. A realistic assessment is made of the positive and negative effects of technology on the course and individual students. A detailed estimation of the time investment in the development of the project provides a reference for those considering development of similar projects. The overall outcome of the project was positive and has led to an expansion of the project to include the offering of an on-line graphics course and the development of similar web-based instructional materials for other engineering courses. The results of student surveys demonstrate the effectiveness of the project on student learning. Implementation of the project has led to a substantial reduction in faculty time while providing students with hours of individual tutoring.

1. Background
Engineering Graphics is an introductory engineering course that teaches the fundamentals of graphical communication and how to use a specific computer aided design drafting (CADD) software package. The course is often the first engineering course that students take, and many base their decision about their future as an engineering student on their experience in this course. Area high school students who are making decisions about engineering and their choice of colleges also take the graphics course. A positive experience in this course commits students to the engineering program and motivates them toward completion of their degree.

Running counter to the objective of providing a positive experience in the engineering graphics course are several obstacles common in academia. Economics dictate high student to teacher ratios even in a laboratory setting. Laboratory assistants do not have the same level of training or motivation as the professor. Students enter each course with varying backgrounds, learning abilities, and learning styles. Such realities often lead to a course that caters to the average student, leaving slower students confused and brighter students bored.

The objective for development of the engineering graphics course was to provide a positive first experience in engineering, which included giving students hours of individual instruction, while reducing the teaching load of the instructor. In a first attempt to accomplish this objective a video taped tutorial session was developed. The tutorial was a compilation of staged individual tutorial sessions that addressed the most common problems encountered by students completing the homework. Students who came for individual tutoring were first required to watch the tutoring video as most of the student’s questions were addressed on the tape. The feedback from the experiment was very positive and required only a few hours of staged tutoring. One criticism of the effectiveness of the video tutoring was the separation of the tutoring and application. Students would go to the library to watch the video and understand the technique presented, but would forget the material later when they tried to apply the information at the computer lab.

To address this student concern a screen capture program was used to record screen activity and audio for the staged tutorial sessions. The reception of these tutorials, which could be viewed in the computer lab and run simultaneously with the CADD software, was exceptional. Individual tutoring of every student in the lab by the instructor was now possible and did not require additional time or staff. On the basis of these encouraging results, the tutorial movies became the first step in the development of a comprehensive multimedia instructional CD/web page (Figure 1). The project to date includes hours of tutorial movies, lecture presentations of all class lectures for the semester, web based games to reinforce significant course topics, and a series of interactive web based quizzes that prepare students for class exams. The site is made available to students on CD and is maintained on a local server as a public web site, www.engr.panam.edu\~scrown\graphics.

The project has been successful to the point where students rarely seek individual tutoring during lab and almost never need help outside of lab. The CD/web page accommodates the different learning styles and abilities of students in the class by providing a wide range of instructional material (Carver et al., 1996, Ellis, 1996). What was only partially accomplished in the lab with the constant presence of an instructor and lab assistant is now accomplished with a single lab assistant who spends the bulk of his time grading. The most recent stage of development in the project has been the addition of full multimedia lecture presentations. The entire course is now offered as an on-line course with hours of interactive tutorial and review material that gives students a positive first experience in engineering while requiring less faculty time.

The successful development and use of web-based instructional material is not unique to this project. However its full capacity is still emerging. Many multimedia teaching projects have been successfully developed for other courses and disciplines. Web-based teaching modules on internal combustion engines were used by Kirkpatrick et al. (1997) to teach fundamental concept of thermodynamics and heat transfer to engineering students. Two examples in the area of engineering design can be found in the work done by Haugsjaa & Woolf, (1996) and Hill et al. (1998). Work done by Suni & Ross (1997) shows the effect of learning styles on student learning associated with the use of hypermedia materials developed to teach materials science. Multimedia teaching tools for engineering can be found in increasing numbers on the internet from static web pages to sophisticated Java applets (Reed & Afjeh, 1998). Additionally multimedia teaching resources can be found in many disciplines such as mathematics (Antchev et al., 1996), and computer science (Marshall & Hurley, 1996).

About the author...

2. Methods and Tools
The selection of tools used in the development of the CD was initially based on the availability of and familiarity with particular software titles. As the project developed and certain obstacles were encountered, a greater breadth of software was considered. The information contained on the CD project is accessed through a series of linked HTML pages highlighted with animated GIFS created in AutoCAD and AVI clips obtained with a video capture card. The lecture presentations are accessed through links to Microsoft PowerPoint presentations. The laboratory tutorial material is presented using Lotus Screen Cam movies. The games and quizzes are HTML files that use simple Java Script 1.2 code. The information was created and compiled on a PC and then burned onto recordable CDs and uploaded to a public directory on a Unix based server. The entire project requires slightly more than 2GB, the multimedia lecture presentations taking over 80% of the disk space. The development of each element of the project was significantly affected by the capabilities of the selected hardware and software. A prior understanding of the limitations and capabilities of hardware and software would have averted many of the obstacles encountered.

3. Lecture Presentation
The lectures were developed and presented in class using Microsoft PowerPoint. Since the notes were developed in this presentable electronic format, they could easily be adapted for use on the tutorial CD. The lectures were videotaped during class in the fall semester of 1997. Segments from these videotaped lectures were combined with the original PowerPoint presentation to create the full lecture series used in the on-line section of the engineering graphics course.

Figure 1. A screen-shot of a PowerPoint slide.

A zip file (12 MB) of an example PowerPoint slide, with an AVI clip and an audio WAV file, available for download.

4. Tutorial Movies
The tutorial movies used in the Engineering Graphics course are created using a video capture program which allows for real time screen capture synchronized with audio. This type of screen capture program allows for the simple creation of tutorial movies. In a survey, engineering graphics students using the CD were asked to respond to the question "What material on the tutorial CD is most helpful?" Over half (66%) of the responses indicated that the tutorial movies were most helpful. One student commented, "The homework tutorials are the most helpful. They teach you how to do your homework if you get stuck."

The engineering graphics tutorial movies were created following a simple format. The instructor does each homework assignment using the CAD program while the screen capture program records the session. The accompanying audio is recorded with the video or added later. The finished product is a set of 5 to 20 minute narrated tutorial movies that walk the student through each assignment.

Figure 2. A screenshot of a tutorial movie.

An example of a tutorial movie (3.4 MB, Lotus Screencam) or the zip file of the movie (526 KB) available for download.

5. JavaScript Games and Quizzes
One of our objectives for the project was to give the students a positive first experience in engineering. Each student has unique interests and learning styles, which were addressed in the project development by including a variety of teaching tools. The games provide an interactive visual approach for developing the students' visualization skills. In a study by Shabo et al., (1997) where students were introduced to web-based multimedia courseware on computer graphics, students visited the module on visualization most frequently. The games are effective because they cause the students to think and interact (Dockertman, 1995) while holding their interest and providing immediate feedback -- functions that printed worksheets do not support. The interactive instructional games allow the student to both learn and see a concept, such as the manipulation of coordinate systems, in an integrated approach. An integrated approach is the most effective way to teach these concepts to those who cannot easily visualize (Mayer & Anderson, 1991, Mayer & Sims, 1994). The quizzes and games give the students immediate feedback as they apply new concepts.

A game and quiz were written to supplement the material covered in each lecture and associated lab. The quizzes use forms with radio buttons to record answers to True/False and multiple choice questions. The answers are stored in an array; when the user selects the grade button, they are compared to the array containing the correct answers. The number of questions missed is displayed using an alert window. The students can change incorrect answers until they receive a perfect score. The quizzes give instant feedback to the student, are interactive, and are very simple to create. Once the format for the quiz page is set up it only takes a few minutes to adapt questions for another chapter. The JavaScript quizzes have given the best return given the limited investment of time.

Figure 3. A JavsScript game that uses an image map to aid students with graphic visualization techniques.

An external link to the author's full-blown version of this particular game, called "What's the Point?"

6. How the Project Has Affected the Course
The development of the CD has affected the course in several significant ways. In previous semesters the graphics course was taught by a number of faculty and the lectures were given in the lab to relatively small class sections. As the project began to develop it became clear that a significant amount of faculty time would be required to complete the project. In an effort to concentrate the work effort, all sections of the course were taught by a single faculty member for several consecutive semesters. However, teaching 4 to 5 lab sections each semester was a significant load for one individual with other teaching responsibilities. In response the sections were combined for the lecture portion of the course and undergraduate teaching assistants helped monitor the lab. The positive impact of these changes relate primarily to the instructor. With combined sections, the total lecture time has been reduced by 80%. The use of the tutorial CD in the lab has in many ways eliminated the need for an instructor in the lab.

On the negative side, large lectures (70-80 students) are less interactive and more impersonal. The laboratory environment has also become less interactive and more impersonal with the exception of student interaction with the computer. There is no longer a need for group teaching in the lab as each student is individually tutored on the computer. Since the tutoring uses audio, the students wear headphones while in lab, which reduces interaction among students. The lab had become an environment of individual learning. A semester group design project was created to reintroduce interpersonal communication in the lab.

7. How the Project Has Affected the Students
There are a number of other notable effects of the project on the students. A student who falls behind because of uncontrolled circumstances is much more likely to catch up and perform well in the course. In the past this required a significant effort from the instructor and special meeting times had to be scheduled with the student. The visualization tools that are developed by students as they interact with the game pages are invaluable and difficult to teach using other methods. As the students visualize objects repeatedly in the games with positive and negative feedback they exercise a developing skill that would be tedious if done using a printed worksheet. By the end of the course the students have been exposed to a breadth of examples using interactive graphics to teach and communicate. The students seem motivated and intrigued by use of engineering graphics as a powerful communication tool, whereas in the past they had a much narrower focus for the application of engineering graphics.

8. Student Evaluation
Two separate surveys have been administered to students in the engineering graphics course to formally evaluate the effectiveness of the pedagogical methods used in the course. The first is a standard course/faculty survey used by the university. This survey has been used in engineering graphics both prior to and following the introduction of the tutorial CD. Results of the survey, shown in Table 1, are used by the university for tenure and promotion decisions.

Students rated the following statements on a scale:
A) Excellent, B) Good, C) Average, D) Fair, E) Poor

Statement	% Response as excellent or good
	Weekly lab instruction w/o tutorial CD			Tutorial CD in use and no regular lab instruction
	12/95	12/96	Avg.	12/97	12/97	5/98	Avg.
1. Overall rating as an instructor in the course.	92	85	88	87	91	83	87
2. Clarity of communications in the classroom.	67	85	76	87	100	78	88
3. Encouragement of students to express ideas.	92	85	88	87	73	81	80
4. Enthusiasm with which you would recommend this instructor to other students.	83	80	82	87	80	89	85

Two responses on the survey suggest that the students have benefited from the change in pedagogy. The first is in response to the "clarity of communications in the classroom." A 16% increase in student response indicates that students are understanding the material presented to them. This is especially significant since the breadth of material covered in the course has been increased. A slight increase was also measured in their response to "enthusiasm with which you would recommend this instructor to other students." This increase is important to our goal of providing the students with a positive first experience in an engineering course.

A significant negative drop was measured in response to "encouragement of students to express ideas." This decrease was expected as the opportunity for interaction between the student and instructor has been significantly reduced. One opportunity to increase the expression of ideas from student to instructor is to give the students greater exposure to design problems in the homework. The time and effort that students repeatedly give to the open-ended design project demonstrates that students enjoy communicating their ideas to the instructor. Further development of the project will include simple open-ended design homework problems. Innovative student solutions could be posted on the public web site as an encouragement to students.

A second survey specifically targeting student opinions about the CD tutorial was given to students mid-semester before significant attrition occurs. Responses to ten of the questions included on the survey are shown in Table 2. All responses on the survey strongly indicate that the students believe that the CD is a benefit to their learning and to the course. In response to the statement "The tutorial CD is a useful tool for this course". 83% indicated that they strongly agree. No one responded negatively. In response to the survey question "How could the CD be improved?" one student answered "Doesn't need improvement." Such a response was more than twice as frequent as any other response, which indicates that the students find the CD an effective teaching tool.

9. The Cost of Development
The time required to develop an interactive multimedia teaching tool is substantial and possibly prohibitive. Assuming that the developer is familiar with the tools needed to create the project, which is a significant assumption, the time invested in a project of this magnitude would be on the order of several hundred hours. Such an endeavor requires an extreme commitment of resources and energy far above those required for the development of a course taught using a standard approach. The costs and benefits need to be carefully assessed before undertaking the development of a project of this magnitude (Turner, 1997, Ward & Newlands, 1998). The 62 tutorial movies were each recorded several times and cover several hours of instruction. The planning and recording of the tutorials required more than 120 hours. Putting the lecture presentations into a computer presentation format required approximately 4-5 hours per lecture. The bulk of the time was spent generating the graphics used in the presentations. Development of the lectures into multimedia presentations with audio and video took 10 to 15 hours per lecture to prepare. The first multimedia lecture presentation required more than 40 hours to complete. The games each took 5 to 8 hours; this included designing them, writing the JavaScript code, and generating the graphics. The quizzes could each be developed in less than an hour. Setting up the overall structure of the web site and linking the information is a relatively simple task.

Reliance on previous experience can greatly reduce the required investment of time. The first project has been duplicated in a very limited way and applied to another engineering course (Measurements and Instrumentation). In less than 30 hours a significant portion of the structure of the original project has been recreated for the new course. Handwritten lecture notes were scanned and saved as PDF files that can be read with a plug-in viewer on the web. Old exams and homework solutions have also been added to the site to give many of the benefits of the interactive quizzes for a fraction of the invested time.

Two questions deal specifically with the use of the CD tutorial as compared to the traditional textbook as a reference source. Over 80% of responses favored the use of the CD to a textbook and agreed that "the CD supports the course in a way that a textbook could not." These responses suggest development of similar projects for other course content might be more effective than traditional methods, especially if provided as additional resources to the student. In specific response to the statement "A tutorial CD would be helpful for other courses," 85% indicated a positive response.

10. Conclusions
Implementation of the project has been a success in that required faculty time in the classroom has been significantly reduced while measures of student learning and attitudes about the course have improved. The average student has adapted well to a major change in pedagogy, where the multimedia instructional approach produced minor improvements in overall performance and depth of knowledge gained in the course. The more notable changes in student performance are associated with those who fall outside the range of average. The intellectually advanced students are stimulated by the self-paced nature of the course and stay motivated throughout the semester. Students who find the material especially challenging work at a slower pace and finish a course that they would otherwise drop. There does appear, however, to be a group of students from the full intellectual spectra who do not perform well in an environment where there is little interpersonal connectivity with the instructor. A small section using traditional instruction could address this problem.

The overall impact on the course has generally been positive with a significant increase in the breadth of material covered and flexibility of delivery. With the completion of the multimedia instructional material, the course has successfully been exported off campus to area high schools students and to those who wish to take it on-line for convenience. The scheduling flexibility for students taking an on-line course will likely increase future course enrollment.

11. References
Antchev, K., Luhtalahti, M., Multisilta, J., Pohjolainen, S., & Suomela, K. (1996). A WWW microworld for mathematics. 1996 ED-TELECOM Conference on Educational Telecomunications. Boston, Mass. June 17-22, 1996. 5-10.

Carver, C., Howard, R., & Lavelle, E. (1996). Enhancing student learning by incorporating learning styles into adaptive hypermedia. 1996 ED-MEDIA Conference on Educational Multimedia and Hypermedia. Boston, Mass. June 17-22, 1996. 118-123.

Ellis, A. (1996). Learning styles and hypermedia courseware usage: Is there a connection? 1996 ED-MEDIA Conference on Educational Multimedia and Hypermedia. Boston, Mass. June 17-22, 1996. 217-222.

Haugsjaa, E. & Woolf, B. (1996). 3D visualization tools in a design for manufacturing. 1996 ED-MEDIA Conference on Educational Multimedia and Hypermedia. Boston, Mass. June 17-22, 1996. 288-293.

Hill, M., Baily, J., & Reed, A. (1998). Hypermedia systems for improving knowledge, understanding and skills in engineering degree courses. Computers and Education, 31(1), 69-88.

Kirkpatrick, A., Lee, A., & Wilson, B. (1997). The engine in engineering: Development of thermal/fluids web based applications. Proceedings of the 1997 IEEE/ASEE Frontiers in Education Conference. Pittsburgh, PA. November 5-8, 1997. 744-747.

Marshall, A. & Hurley S. (1996). Delivery methods for hypertext-based courseware on the World-Wide-Web. 1996 ED-TELECOM Conference on Educational Telecommunications. Boston, Mass. June 17-22, 1996. 191-196.

Reed, J. & Afjeh, A.(1998). Developing interactive educational engineering software for the World Wide Web with Java. Computers and Education, 30(3/4), 183-194.

Suni, I. & Ross, S. (1997). Iterative design and usability assessment of a materials science hypermedia document. Journal of Educational Multimedia and Hypermedia, 6(2), 187-199.

Turner, A. (1997). Using the web to enhance education. Proceedings of the 1997 IEEE/ASEE Frontiers in Education Conference. Pittsburgh, PA. November 5-8, 1997. 744-747.

Ward, M. & Newlands, D. (1998). Use of the Web in undergraduate teaching. Computers and Education, 31(2), 171-184.

Note: This work was honored with a Premier Courseware 1999 Award by the National Engineering Education Delivery System organization. (See http://www.needs.org/.) It also received a Multimedia Best Practices Award from the University of Texas (http://uts.cc.utexas.edu/~best/index.htm).
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